[6], According to the Ynglinga saga, the Yngling dynasty's rule in Sweden was succeeded by Ivar Vidfamne, previously a petty king in Scania, who founded a new royal line. Both East India Companies folded over the course of the Napoleonic Wars. The exact reasons for Vikings venturing out from their homeland are uncertain; some have suggested it was due to overpopulation of their homeland, but the earliest Vikings were looking for riches, not land. The war did have a significant impact on the economy of the area, primarily as a result of the British blockade of Germany. Several petroglyphs depict ships, and the large stone formations known as stone ships indicate that shipping played an important role in the culture. As a result of the adoption of Christianity by the monarchy and eventually the entirety of the country, traditional shamanistic practices were marginalized and eventually persecuted. Petroglyphs and archeological findings such as settlements dating from about 10,000B.C. The period began in 1625 and lasted until 1629. An accomplished writer, Brahe also composed outstanding poetry in Latin. For the first time in 900 years, kings and queens from around the world are going to a British coronation. For all these reasons, Denmark was able to retain their parliament, king, and much of their normal domestic function. Even if it was not initially foreseen, the perceived security led to a situation where the formally separate currencies were accepted on a basis of "as good as" the legal tender virtually throughout the entire area. Both Sweden and Denmark-Norway maintained a number of colonies outside Scandinavia starting in the 17th century lasting until the 20th century. [4] According to the Ynglinga saga, the earliest rulers used the title drotin (modern Swedish: Drott). Vlvas, practitioners of seid, a Scandinavian pre-Christian tradition, were executed or exiled under newly Christianized governments in the eleventh and twelfth centuries. The inept government of King Gustav IV Adolf led to his deposition and banishment. Sweden joined the Third Coalition against Napoleon in 1805, but the coalition fell apart after the peace at Tilsit in 1807, forcing Russia to become the ally of France. Sweden. 986: Viking ships sight Newfoundland.L'Anse aux Meadows National Historic Site is the only authenticated Norse site in North America. After invading, they simply did not want to relinquish it, seeing it as a permanent part of their empire. This region of northern France is now known as Normandy, or land of the Northmen.. Sweden, allied with Britain at the time, seized the opportunity to invade Norway in 1807 but was beaten back. [9], The sequence of kings presented below is given by the Hervarar saga, a saga written in the 12th or 13th century. Who was the first King of Scandinavia? - Quora His sister, Sophie, gained renown as the first female scholar in Scandinavia. He later recalled him after Gustavus Adolphus attacked the empire and prevailed in a number of significant battles. In the peace negotiations, Christian Frederik agreed to relinquish claims to the Norwegian crown and return to Denmark if Sweden would accept the democratic Norwegian constitution and a loose personal union. [6], The legendary kings of Sweden, as presented in the sagas, covers three legendary dynasties of rulers; the Yngling dynasty, claimed to have been descended from the Norse god Odin, the dynasty founded by Ivar Vidfamne, who conquered Sweden and deposed the Ynglings, and the House of Muns, which succeeded Vidfamne's dynasty. Bernadotte was originally one of Napoleon's eighteen Marshals. They too started to cultivate the land, and by 3000 BC they became part of the megalithic Funnelbeaker culture. Great ships made for rowing have been found from the 4th century in Nydam mosse in Schleswig. Royal Hotel, Denmark. About 10-15 years later, Erikson would go on to lead an . The Nordic Bronze Age was characterized by a warm climate (which is compared to that of the Mediterranean), which permitted a relatively dense population, but it ended with a climate change consisting of deteriorating, wetter and colder climate (sometimes believed to have given rise to the legend of the Fimbulwinter) and it seems very likely that the climate pushed the Germanic tribes southwards into continental Europe. Another reason was that they had no real agenda in Denmark. They continued with the Urnfield culture tradition of burning corpses and placing the remains in urns. Several other wars with Poland, Denmark-Norway, and German countries enabled further Swedish expansion, although there were some setbacks such as the Kalmar War. He is the first Swedish king in a consecutive regnal succession, who is attested in sources independent of each other, Sweden's list of rulers usually begins with him. Rollo Rollo became the first ruler of Normandy in the early 10 th century. By formulating a law that made Christianity the official religion, but also that religious practice in the private sphere was outside of the law, he managed to stave off the threat from Norway, limiting the feuds and avoiding an religiously motivated civil war.[23]. Built in 1960 and recently restored to its full . Thank you for visiting Scandinavia Facts. All Rights Reserved. Olaf II managed to bring English clergy to his country. He was elected King on June 6, 1523. [5][6][7], Since prehistoric times,[8][9] the Sami people of Arctic Europe have lived and worked in an area that stretches over the northern parts of the regions now known as Norway, Sweden, Finland, and the Russian Kola Peninsula. As the story goes, King Gylfi thinks he will be able to sneak into Asgard without anyone knowing who he was, but the gods foresaw his arrival and made the realm appear even more grand than it was in . The present monarch of Sweden is Carl XVI Gustaf, who came to the throne in 1973 at the age of 27. Sweden remained neutral after a heated debate. By conquering rival jarls (earls) and forcing them into subservient positions, he created the precedent of one ruler for the many districts of Norway. He invaded England and Ethelred fled to France. A few years later (c. 831) the archbishopric of Hamburg was established and became at once the center for missionary work in the north. About ten percent supported the Nazi party. Finally under the rule of Charles XI the empire was consolidated under a semi-absolute monarchy.[26]. Mycenaean Greece, the Villanovan Culture, Phoenicia and Ancient Egypt have all been identified as possible sources of influence in Scandinavian artwork from this period. [8], The Ynglinga saga contains no references to chronology (such as specific dates of the reigns of the various kings) with the exception of presenting the rulers in chronological order. [4] The Ynglings are described in the Ynglinga saga as the first royal blood line of the Swedes. A thousand years later, the numerous East Germanic tribes that claimed Scandinavian origins (Burgundians, Goths and Heruls), as did the Lombards, rendered Scandinavia (Scandza) the name "womb of nations" in Jordanes' Getica. Attempts have been made to harmonize Ansgar's kings with the kings mentioned in the sagas but such attempts have to be considered unreliable and unverifiable. In Icelandic sources, such as the 12th/13th-century Langfegatal, Olof Sktkonung is regarded as a late ruler of a significantly older dynasty, stretching back to legendary Viking hero Ragnar Lodbrok. Famous Scandinavian Kings from Sweden As an administrator, Christian IV had done remarkably well, obtaining for his kingdom a level of stability and wealth that was virtually unmatched elsewhere in Europe, paid for by the resund toll and extensive war reparations from Sweden. [12] Most of the sagas known today, the Ynglinga saga included, were composed during a relatively brief period, from the 12th to 13th century, a time when royal power was being consolidated in Norway, Denmark and Sweden. Ynglinga saga appears to have been based on an earlier scaldic poem, Ynglingatal, which is quoted at length by Snorri. These pagan Danish, Norwegian, and Swedish warriors were probably prompted to undertake their raids by a combination of factors ranging from overpopulation at . In the ninth century, Scandinavians (mainly Norwegians) began to colonize Iceland, an island in the North Atlantic where no one had yet settled in large numbers. North of the Kongemose people lived other hunter-gatherers in most of southern Norway and Sweden called the Nstvet and Lihult cultures, descendants of the Fosna and Hensbacka cultures. Who is the first King of Scandinavia? - Sage-Advices The Ynglinga saga presents the following line of Yngling kings of the Swedes: Sturluson's Ynglinga saga was created far too late to serve as a reliable source in regards to the events and kings it describes, being separated from the earliest ones by several centuries. Apart from raiding, they were also settlers and traders who traveled through much of Europe and Central Asia, trading goods and slaves. The Vita gives no genealogical information in regards to the kings. [5] Many of the legendary kings would have ruled during the Migration Period (c. 375550) and subsequent Vendel Period (c. 550790), but larger political structures in Scandinavia (i. e. the medieval kingdoms of Sweden, Norway and Denmark) are not believed to have formed and centralized until the Viking Age. The only sources that mention Ivar are Icelandic sagas from centuries after his death. Who Was the First King of Norway? - Scandinavia Facts The nine greatest Viking kings and leaders are: Ragnar Lodbrok Cnut the Great Erik the Red Rollo of Normandy Herald of Norway Olaf Tryggvason Leif Eriksson Ivar the Boneless Gorm the Old These leaders and kings are known for their incredible reigns, legacies, and famous discoveries. Rollo - Wikipedia The outbreak of World War I in 1914 brought an end to the monetary union. The second is lighter, adorned with 2,868 diamonds . This unilateral action met with Swedish threats of war. In most sources Yngvi is presented as the same figure as Freyr, the son of Njrr. During the Weichselian glaciation, almost all of Scandinavia was buried beneath a thick permanent sheet of ice and the Stone Age was delayed in this region. According to Rimbert the archbishop of Hamburg-Bremen in the 9th century, king Olof at Birka was sent a message from King Horik of Denmark to allow the monk Ansgar to introduce Christianity. First Look With Surveillance: Microsoft, Alphabet. Were There Ever African Vikings? - Scandinavia Facts Though a majority of the kings from Olof Sktkonung onwards appear in the Icelandic sources with the same name and overall chronology, the Icelandic sources also contain the figure Blot-Sweyn, who is only present in some of the Swedish sources (and notably absent in Vstgtalagen, an important early Swedish legal document) and a king by the name Kol or Erik rsll, completely absent in the Swedish sources. In the 7th millennium BC, when the reindeer and their hunters had moved for northern Scandinavia, forests had been established in the land. "The Scandinavian currency union 18751914." Denmark - The Viking era | Britannica Boydell Press, 2003. sfn error: no target: CITEREFBarford2001 (, Harald Gustafsson, "A state that failed? The Kalmar War in 16111613 was the last serious (although possibly unrealistic) attempt by a Danish King (Christian IV) to re-create the Kalmar Union by force. 10 Most Famous Swedish Kings - Discover Walks Blog Industrialization of Sweden experienced a boom during the First World War. Adam of Bremen instead gives a more linear succession of Eric and Eric, followed by Halsten, Anund Grdske and then Hkan the Red. Rise to power. can be found in the traditional lands of the Sami. From around A.D. 800 to the 11th century, a vast number of Scandinavians left their homelands to seek their fortunes elsewhere. During the 4th millennium BC, these Funnelbeaker tribes expanded into Sweden up to Uppland. Swedish Vikings: A Guide To Viking Age Swedes & Their Journeys No more Danish attempts would be made to re-create the Kalmar Union following this war. [12] These hunters and gatherers of the late Paleolithic and early Mesolithic were named Komsa by the researchers as what they identified themselves as is unknown. The Sami have been recognized as an indigenous people in Norway since 1990 according to ILO convention 169, and hence, according to international law, the Sami people in Norway are entitled special protection and rights. Besides, he was a monarch in 970. They were cattle herders, and with them most of southern Scandinavia entered the Neolithic. Gustav Vasa is the first King in Swedish history of whose life we have a clear view. For instance, the figure of Aun, described as being driven from Uppsala and taking up court in Vstergtland instead, is similar to the historical Swedish king Inge the Elder (r.c. 10791084, 10871105), who was driven from Uppsala into Vstergtland in the 11th century. One of the most prominent finds is the Dejbjerg wagon from Jutland, a four-wheeled wagon of wood with bronze parts. The Swedish rise to power began under the rule of Charles IX. The Western allies sent military assistance, but the campaign was not effectively run. Aud Haakonsdottir of Lade. [1] The figure for Norway represents almost 80% of the national population in 1800. Odin, also called Wodan, Woden, or Wotan, one of the principal gods in Norse mythology. However, The Kalmar War ended with a minor Danish victory and not the total defeat of the Swedes. After the battle of Leipzig in October 1813, Bernadotte abandoned the pursuit of Napoleon and marched against Denmark, where he forced the king of Denmark-Norway to conclude the Treaty of Kiel on 14 January 1814. Haralds rebellious son, Sven Forkbeard, led Viking raids on England beginning in 991 and conquered the entire kingdom in 1013, sending King Ethelred into exile. [23] Adam of Bremen's line of kings is thus: The Sparlsa Runestone, created c. 800, mentions several names, including the name Alrkr (Alaric) in an unclear context, the name Eirkr (Eric) in reference to a king at Uppsala and the name Eyvsl as the son of this Eirkr. The first Christian missionary was the Anglo-Saxon Willibord (c. 700), who accomplished little. Bronze continued to be used during the whole period but was mostly used for decoration. North speculates that he took this second copy of Beowulf with him during the expedition, so it could shown like a charter, especially . BBC - History - Overview: The Vikings, 800 to 1066 Christianity in Scandinavia came later than most parts of Europe. Denmark remained primarily agricultural until well into the 20th century, but agricultural processes were modernized and processing of dairy and meats became more important than the export of raw agricultural products. in Jaime Reis, ed.. Johan den Hertog and Samul Kruizinga, eds. Together with the bodies, there are weapons, household wares and clothes of wool. Swedes join Danes and Norwegians in England. Sweden had the short lived colony New Sweden in Delaware in North America during the 1630s and later acquired the islands of Saint-Barthlemy (17851878) and Guadeloupe in the Caribbean. In addition, Germany highly valued the Swedish iron ore they received through Norway and could not afford to lose it. List of legendary kings of Sweden - Wikipedia While there had been a handful of silent films and some smaller movies, the first Viking film with real cultural impact is Richard Fleischer's aptly named The Vikings in 1958. Apr 25, 2023, 12:06 PM PDT. Negotiations in Karlstad led to agreement with Sweden on 23 September and mutual demobilization. During the Ingrian War Sweden expanded its territories eastward. While the nationality of Rollo is in disputesome sources say Norwegian and others say Danishthere is no question that most of his followers were Danes, many from the Danelaw area. In the Viking Age and later, Danish rulers repeatedly attempted to conquer Norway and through inventing a lineage that stretched back centuries, the Norwegian rulers may have attempted to demonstrate their inherent right to their lands and to put themselves on the same level as the Danes, who had historical accounts of their ancestors. It is characterized by common ethno-cultural heritage and mutually intelligible North Germanic languages. After the Roman Empire had disappeared, gold became scarce and Scandinavians began to make objects of gilded bronze, with decorations of interlacing animals in Scandinavian style. and the final expansion towards the late Weichselian maximum took place after 28 000 years B.P. With the exception of the passing references to the Swedes (Suiones) and the Geats (Gautoi), much of Scandinavia remained unrecorded by Roman authors. Moreover, the style of metal objects and clay vessels was markedly Roman. [14] The first king of the Swedes, Eric, was married to Gunhild, of the Polish House of Piast. This made it a primary target, with Denmark a secondary goal mainly needed for facilitating the Norwegian invasion. After a 1972 referendum, Denmark became the first Scandinavian member of the European Economic Community, which later paved the way for the EU, in 1973. Near the beginning of World War II in late 1939, both the Allies and the Axis Powers feared their enemies gaining power in Scandinavia. These eastern-traveling Scandinavian migrants were eventually known as Varangians (vringjar, meaning "sworn men"),and according to the oldest Slavic sources[citation needed] , these varangians founded Kievan Rus, the major East European state prior to the Mongol invasions. The monetary union was one of the few tangible results of the Scandinavian political movement of the 19th century.[31]. Harald had become embroiled in a conflict with Otto II, emperor of the Holy Roman Empire (reigned 973-983), which was at least partially because Harald was a pagan. These seafaring warriors-known collectively as Vikings or Norsemen. The early history of Norway, and Scandinavia in general, is characterized by powerful seafarers, traders, and warriors and by rich heathen mythologies and ambitious chieftains. Historia de omnibus Gothorum Sueonumque regibus, http://blog.svd.se/historia/2011/10/13/varfor-jag-inte-tror-pa-sagokungar/, "Concerning Mass Graves: the Use, Development and Identities Within Mass Graves During the Scandinavian Iron Age and Middle Ages", "Kungalngder och historieskrivning: Fornsvenska och fornislndska kllor om Sveriges historia", "De ldsta sveakungarna enligt Ynglingasagan", "Kings and Queens of Sweden A thousand year succession", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_legendary_kings_of_Sweden&oldid=1135221997, This page was last edited on 23 January 2023, at 10:58. The Thirty Years' War was a conflict fought between the years 1618 and 1648, principally in the Central European territory of the Holy Roman Empire but also involving most of the major continental powers. However, brave Norwegians managed to save over half of the Jewish population from Nazi death camps and help them to escape to safety in Sweden, even though they ran the risk of being severely punished for aiding Jews. In scholarly circles today, there are two positions on Fairhair's . Take a look at all the royals attending King Charles' big day. The most popular destinations in North America were Minnesota, Iowa, the Dakotas, Wisconsin, Michigan, the Canadian prairies and Ontario. Many Scandinavians emigrated to Canada, the United States, Australia, Africa, and New Zealand during the later nineteenth century. In some places, names appear (notably kings Ottar and Adils) that might belong to people also attested in other sagas, such as Beowulf (written in the 10th11th century in England, but concerning events in Scandinavia in the 6th/7th century), wherein the Ynglings are called Scylfings (Old Norse: Skilfingar; Swedish: Skilvingar). Derry, T.K. The early Germanic Iron Age decorations show animals that are rather faithful anatomically, but in the late Germanic Iron Age they evolve into intricate shapes with interlacing and interwoven limbs that are well known from the Viking Age. Before long other Vikings realized that Frankish rulers were willing to pay them rich sums to prevent them from attacking their subjects, making Frankia an irresistible target for further Viking activity. Although it was from its outset a religious conflict between Protestants and Catholics, the self-preservation of the Habsburg dynasty was also a central motive. Rollo | duke of Normandy | Britannica Scandinavian Kingdoms | Encyclopedia.com Wait a moment and try again. In 911 the Viking leader Rollo became the first duke of Normandy, as a vassal of Charles III of France. Denmark called up much of its military, but Germany still violated Danish sovereignty to some extent, for example by mining the resund. Finland remained as a part of Russian Empire until 1917 at which point it became independent. HISTORY.com works with a wide range of writers and editors to create accurate and informative content. Viking, also called Norseman or Northman, member of the Scandinavian seafaring warriors who raided and colonized wide areas of Europe from the 9th to the 11th century and whose disruptive influence profoundly affected European history. The first mention of a King of Norway - as a unified entity - is found upon the Jelling Stones, which were carved runestones from the 10th century in Denmark. By that time, all of the Scandinavian kingdoms were Christian, and what remained of Viking culture was being absorbed into the culture of Christian Europe. In the writings of his companion Rimbert, the Vita Ansgari, several Swedish kings (who all precede Eric the Victorious) and who they met or heard of at Birka, an important Viking Age trading center, are mentioned. His reign saw an extended period of internal peace, although state finances stagnated following failed mercantilist doctrines pursued by the Hat administration. ", Erik Thomson, "Beyond the Military State: Sweden's Great Power Period in Recent Historiography,". [7] The Icelandic sources are substantially different from his work, not only in the kings preceding Olof Sktkonung. Many of the kings in the saga are overshadowed by their contemporary vassals and wives,[14] and they are rarely shown in a positive light. The Protestant Reformation came to Scandinavia in the 1530s, and Scandinavia soon became one of the heartlands of Lutheranism.
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