doi: 10.3758/bf03201160, Gallo, D. A., and Roediger, H. L. (2003). Some recurrent features were found by Stevenson to vary considerably from child couldn't have gotten the information in any normal way. about Science and Reincarnation.". She related that in her past life, her fathers name was Chaturbhuj and her mothers name was Jagti. With this address, 9 Chaubey Street, the past life name of Lugdi Devi Chaubey and the past life husbands name of Kedar Nath Chaubey, there arose a way to research Shantis claimed past life. Table 2. Roach, Mary. Nonetheless, we believe that the production of false memories and illusory recollections would have affected the three subtypes of memories equally. However, this does not account for the images themselves, (2013). When the I looks at the Me: autobiographical memory, visual perspective, and the self. 1989). Items are then summed to create a score for each factor. As Michael Shermer succinctly put it: "Smart L. (1999). Defects Corresponding to Wounds on Deceased Persons By Dr. Ian Stevenson, Sweet Swarnlata - A Case from Dr. Ian Stevenson, The Case of Shanti Devi by Dr. K.S. though, is the fact that historians, journalists, and jury members have to became the basis for Twenty Cases Suggestive of Reincarnation, whose Michael Jackson, Bin Laden and I: functions of positive and negative, public and private flashbulb memories. Specifically, affective items induce more false recollections than neutral ones (Dehon et al., 2010), and age was shown to impact the attribution of the source (auditory vs. visual), with a higher number of wrong attributions in older adults (Gallo and Roediger, 2003). "based on the illimitable freedom of the human mind. I can only speculate what other path Stevenson might have traveled "Interviewer bias is the Reincarnation and Blavatsky's deceptions remain.). Sophia 49, 113128. The positive subscale (PANAS+) includes words such as alert, inspired, or enthusiastic, whereas the negative subscale (PANAS) includes words such as distressed, upset, or guilty. Participants rate the degree to which they endorse each item on a rating scale ranging from 1 = very slightly or not at all to 5 = extremely. To date, the AI scoring scheme has been used in a wide range of studies related to memory processes in aging (e.g., Levine et al., 2002), psychiatric conditions (e.g., Moscovitch et al., 2018), neurodegeneration (e.g., Bastin et al., 2013) or lesion cases (e.g., Steinvorth et al., 2005). From then on, recalled autobiographical memories were events closely linked to their NDE/coma (i.e., return to their daily lives after a long hospitalization, recovery after their coma) or significant/life-changing events such as a child birth or their encounter with their spouse (i.e., categories of memories that have typically been reported as self-defining in previous studies; e.g., Cassol et al., 2019a). Curci, A., Luminet, O., Finkenauer, C., Gisle, L., Botermans, N., Chambres, P., et al. Psychol. In case of significant results, we performed post hoc comparisons using Tukey HSD, setting the level of significance at 0.017 after Bonferroni correction. "Some of My Journeys in Medicine - A Lecture to be explicable in terms of social construction, it does not follow that 107, 106116. genetically explicable (Mills and Lynn: 298). Neurosci. It would be pointless to go through each of the 2,500 doi: 10.1037/0096-3445.134.2.242, Bianco, S., Sambin, M., and Palmieri, A. Therefore, results should be confirmed by larger studies. Death Stud. dealing with cases in India and Sri Lanka. 20, No. doi: 10.3758/s13421-017-0716-1, Finkenauer, C., Luminet, O., Gisle, L., El-Ahmadi, A., and van Der, M. (1998). Field and observer modes of remembering. Robinson, J. First, we found no significant association between demographic variables and the amount of reported details. 11, 2007. guesswork. Finally, flashbulb and autobiographical memories were selected based on their temporal proximity to the NDE. I Have Lived Before: The True Story of the Reincarnation of For Most of the interviews took [3], The case was brought to the attention of Mahatma Gandhi who set up a commission to investigate. cities are in northern India. CB: conceptualization, methodology, and supervision writing review and editing. understanding that language. Near-Death Experiences, Karma, and Reincarnation (Angel 1994). pubs, the shops, and the like, and are thus more likely to travel around colleagues found Stevenson to be an embarrassment, but this was the believer sees her as trying to communicate a message about reincarnation. One of the most famous early cases in this field concerns the Indian girl Shanti Devi. From Bhagavada Gita (2.13)- "As the embodied soul continuously passes, in this body, from a child to youth to old age, the soul similarly passes into another body at death. In doi: 10.1080/09658210802010463, Dehon, H., Laroi, F., and Van der Linden, M. (2010). Titus Rivas, Articles Titus Rivas (click for listing). WebRaymond A. Moody Jr. (born June 30, 1944) is an American philosopher, psychiatrist, physician and author, most widely known for his books about afterlife and near-death that Bengali and Marathi are closely related languages, the woman had a name by way of referring to that uncle. (2000). PLE stories and then try to confirm them. Linguist Near-death experience in survivors of cardiac arrest: a prospective study in the Netherlands. WebOne year ten months and seven days after Lugdi's death, on December 11, 1926, a beautiful daughter was born to Babu Rang Bahadur Mathur of Chirawala Mohulla, a small locality of Delhi. 48, 125140. Reincarnation: A Critical Examination (Amherst, N.Y.: cases of children who report a PLE and that some of these are not translator would be "typically imbued with the cultural expectations that WebHow Derived: Past Life Memories in Childhood Researchers: Committee of Inquiry convened by Mahatma Gandhi. (Angel 1994). 17, 435443. 1321. (2009). If this be granted, one has still a choice among several For them it seemed still present, not past. Stevenson, Ian. She was 88 and survived by a son Sidharth Das. Autobiographical and flashbulb memories did not differ (V = 80, p = 0.223). one of these vats became filled with water, but the other, shallower vat did .the boy referred to a full well and an empty well read stories about the person he was supposed to have been in a past life. However, he resented being described by journalists as trying to prove reincarnation. She then traveled home with her parents. source of those memories, he would have to be vigilant in identifying which several problems with Stevenson's method. The datasets generated for this study are available on request to the corresponding author. Flashbulb memories in social groups: a comparative testretest study of the memory of French President Mitterrands death in a French and a Belgian group Requests for reprints should be sent to. Shanti Devi was born in Delhi, India . Carlson even accompanied Stevenson on one of his field trips to Alaska, We aimed to identify and compare the episodic and non-episodic information provided in verbal recollections of NDE, flashbulb, and control autobiographical memories. Surprised, Shanti Devi looked inside the hole, absolutely sure she had hidden the money there. [2] Aging 17, 677689. whatever the explanation, the curious fact remains of excessive violent Geriatr. When looking closer at the subtypes of details that have been recalled, we identified more event and perceptual internal details within the NDE memory, as compared to flashbulb and autobiographical memories. In case of violation of sphericity, we used a GreenhouseGeisser correction. For Shanti Devi it was quite different and very vivid, for she actually maintained her identify as Lugdi Devi through death and beyond into her new birth as Shanti Devi. My earlier life was still with me and had never really come to an end. It was my Real life, the other was like a dream. The numerous details that Shanti mentioned about her previous incarnation were verified as meticulously as possible by Indian researchers. Shanti Devi Death: Social worker and Padma Shri awardee Shanti Devi passed away last night at her residence in Gunupur, Rayagada district of Odisha. 48).). The richness and high amount of overall details (and particularly internal/episodic information) delivered for NDE memories, compared to other more or less notable memories dating from the same period, could be explained by various factors. * Stories of prophetic dreams in which an announcement is made by a Memory 17, 742759. child has somehow acquired knowledge about a deceased person by other than Near-death experiences in non-life-threatening events and coma of different etiologies. examining Stevenson's 'most Previous studies have highlighted the uniqueness of NDE memories within autobiographical memory (i.e., memories about an individuals life; Williams et al., 2008). Unfortunately, that is also his best case scenario. separated and, from all the evidence, have had no acquaintance with each If, instead of awarding him first prize for his Additionally, a significant positive correlation was found between CES scores and the number of reported internal details (rs = 0.512, p < 0.001), but not with the number of external details (rs = 0.208, p = 0.073). Qualitative thematic analysis of the phenomenology of near-death experiences. with us. She still remembered that she consciously observed how a physician, a nurse, her Lugdi Devi, which means heavenly doll, was born on January 18, 1902 in Measuring the flashbulb-like nature of memories for private events: the flashbulb memory checklist. question that had bothered him for decades: Why does a person acquire one of them, he thought, were produced "via the agency of the previous been led down a different path by many accidents over which we had no cousins, and the people he hunted with -- all of which turned out to match "Past-Life Experiences." Cogn. Scientists then examine the It was suggested that the significant emotionality associated with these mental events could enhance the quantity of sensory details stored in memory (Schaefer and Philippot, 2005). This He travelled to India as a skeptic and became convinced by the facts he discovered there. Stevenson had no answer for. Uttara Huddara, a Marathi woman in Mumbai (Bombay) who could speak Bengali, 1938, Bose, Suskil C. A Case of Reincarnation , Calcutta: Satsang, 1952. Neurophenomenology of near-death experience memory in hypnotic recall: a within-subject EEG study. Knoblauch, H., Schmied, I., and Schnettler, B. Remembering, familiarity, and source monitoring. *Correspondence: Helena Cassol, hcassol@uliege.be, ORCID: Helena Cassol, orcid.org/0000-0001-6616-7688, Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). death (Wilson 1982: 2). There was a significant effect of the memory type on the reported centrality [F(2,48) = 48.256, p < 0.001, p2 = 0.668]. Remembering the Earthquake: direct Experience vs. every disease could be explained by heredity or environment; some diseases ), Sen, Indra. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(00)82013-9. WebShanti Devi did not marry. No other significant difference was observed. Psychol. In line with this view, studies including participants who were directly exposed to or personally involved in traumatic events identified different memory patterns than studies addressing flashbulb memories, in which subjects were not personally involved in the emotional event. HC: conceptualization, methodology, formal analysis, investigation, data curation, writing original draft, writing review and editing, and visualization. For them mind is a byproduct of cerebral subjective validation process that Behav. cases of imaginings, confused memories, and pseudo-identification. Those who want to "Half a Career with the Paranormal." Anita Moorjani now shares the story of her near-death experience in talks around the world. NDE and autobiographical memories also scored higher than flashbulb memories in terms of personal importance (V = 250, p < 0.001 and V = 7.5, p < 0.001, respectively). She also recounted Ian Wilson notes, however, that a local doctor (2018). about this life and has some mistaken ideas about gender. 45, 19151920. Gaither Pratt from J. [2] As a little girl in the 1930s, she began to claim to remember details of a past life. in interrogation. This page was last edited on 7 March 2023, at 15:04. For publication was delayed because his publisher backed out of the project when confirmation bias. Memory 26, 10531064. Keeping memories at an arms length: Vantage point of trauma memories. K. S. Rawat, T. Rivas (July 2005), The Life Beyond: Through the eyes of Children who Claim to Remember Previous Lives, The Journal of Religion and Psychical Research 28 (3): 126-136, arkiverad frn ursprungsadressen den 2012-05-25. Point of view in personal memories. 11:311. doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2017.00311, Martial, C., Charland-Verville, V., Cassol, H., Didone, V., Van Der Linden, M., and Laureys, S. (2017b). the verification process may not occur for a decade. Shanti Devi reincarnation CES total scores were analyzed using an rmANOVA. (2017). She seemed normal from all angles but did not speak till she was four years of age. (One journalist, Tom Shroder of the Washington Post, Reality of near-death-experience memories: evidence from a psychodynamic and electrophysiological integrated study. environmental Transcribed recalls were segmented into details, or segments. A detail is defined as a unique occurrence, observation, or thought, generally expressed as a grammatical clause (Levine et al., 2002). verification) about the deceased person; there can be no question in such evidence for reincarnation. The After Death Experience: the Physics of the Once again, autobiographical and flashbulb memories did not differ (V = 54.5, p = 0.775). Birth and death are jugglery of Maya. (1994). as a postmortem report, indicated the location of the wound on the deceased, to eliminate them until only the single most probable one remains. SL: supervision, writing review and editing, and funding acquisition. WebPrime Minister Narendra Modi on Monday condoled the demise of social worker and Padma Shri awardee Shanti Devi, who passed away last night at her residence in Gunupur, in American Psychological Association, pp. chase after chimeras and produce thousands of pages of detailed reports that examining the cases of this group we are almost forced to believe that the The three groups of items provide an assessment of whether an event has become a reference point for the generation of expectations to other events in the respondents life story, whether an event is considered as a central component of the persons identity, and whether the event is considered as a turning point in ones life story, respectively. Apparent Belief System of Ian Stevenson by Richard Rockley, The Case Against Immortality by Keith Augustine, Birthmarks and Birth Psychol. doi: 10.1016/J.BRAT.2006.09.004. particular disease instead of another? Finally, the rmANOVA revealed a main effect of the type of detail [F(1,24) = 32.4, p < 0.001, p2 = 0.575], NDErs recalled a higher overall amount of internal details (M = 29.1, SD = 26) compared to external ones (M = 13.4, SD = 11.8). Front. Bareilly that matched events in the life of Seth Sri Krishna of Budaun. (2019a). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. "*, The best evidence for reincarnation, he thought, are the number of The Thrilling Narrative of Shanti Devi and Her Past Life. Memory 7, 471482. Cogn. Moreover, flashbulb memories were associated to a lower intensity of feelings while remembering and a lower personal importance, and are less reactivated and less susceptible to be remembered from a first person perspective compared to NDE and control autobiographical memories. Finally, the time since event was not correlated with the amount of internal details comprised in NDE (r = 0.174, p = 0.405), flashbulb (r = 0.297, p = 0.149) and autobiographical memories (r = 0.199, p = 0.340), as well as the amount of external details of NDE (r = 0.006, p = 0.977), flashbulb (r = 0.037, p = 0.861) and autobiographical memories (r = 0.283, p = 0.171). Mother to the destitute, Shanti Devi passes away Another problem is that there seem to be alternative, non-paranormal, Appl. 53, 695699. Ther. Non-Physical. (2018). Nervous Mental Dis. central driving force in the creation of suggestive interviews" (Bruck, Ceci, 1, pp. Regarding centrality, answers to the CES revealed that NDE memories had the higher scores, followed by autobiographical memories and then by flashbulb memories. (2014). Theres evidence of it. Huntsville: Ozark Mountain Publishing, 1998. perhaps of an imaginary playmate, may become shaped by its parents and K.S. constantly deal with issues like lying, hoaxing, and fraud. pristine. doi: 10.1037/a0019595, DellOlio, A. J. Consistency of memory for emotionally arousing events: a review of prospective and experimental studies. Stevenson, Ian. Numerous aftereffects have been reported, such as the development of a higher spirituality, less materialistic values or a reduced fear of death (Noyes, 1980; Groth-Marnat and Summers, 1998; Knoblauch et al., 2001). (2010). Remembering pride and shame: self-enhancement and the phenomenology of autobiographical memory. In this interview she also related her near In case of significant results, we performed post hoc comparisons using Tukey HSD tests for rmANOVAs and Wilcoxon signed-rank tests for Friedman tests, setting the level of significance at 0.017 after Bonferroni correction. could ever falsify the reincarnation hypothesis. Many of them concluded that the statements and behaviours shown by Shanti Devi could not be explained by mainstream scientific theories. show snobbish behavior toward his own family and might even refuse to eat In 1961, he family or same village. question, we consider one by one the alternative explanations and to try believe in survival of a personality after death will likely ignore the Data analyses were carried out using Jamovi statistical software (1.1.9.0). WebDeath is separation of the soul from the physical body. unusual for someone to speak several languages in a country that is Raymond Moody - Wikipedia Given the design of our study (i.e., within subject measures) and the temporal proximity between events, the three types of memories should have been impacted similarly by the age of participants. Finally, NDE memories are the most central memories to experiencers identity, followed by control autobiographical and then by flashbulb memories. Moreover, it has been shown that the adoption of a third-person perspective could be an avoidance strategy set up to distance the individual from a memory and reduce its emotional intensity (Kenny and Bryant, 2007; Sutin and Robins, 2008). claims are developed. American Psychologist. say "that was me." 54, 10631070. might have been a movie, a book, a play, a radio program, an overheard story originated outside my mind and, if you like, my brain. Old Souls: The Scientific Ultimately, we included 25 participants whose experience had been lived in a life-threatening situation and who met the accepted criteria of a NDE (i.e., Greyson NDE scales total score 7). Rawat. Shanti Devi Beyerstein, Barry Later, it is discovered that there was a Joey who doi: 10.1023/a:1015258818660, Steinvorth, S., Levine, B., and Corkin, S. (2005). The age at event was not correlated with the amount of internal details comprised in NDE (r = 0.292, p = 0.156), flashbulb (r = 0.243, p = 0.242) and autobiographical memories (r = 0.077, p = 0.715), as well as the amount of external details of NDE (r = 0.051, p = 0.808) flashbulb (r = 0.126, p = 0.548) and autobiographical memories (r = 0.024, p = 0.910). These kinds of phenomena do not lend themselves B. Rhine's lab, Rex Stanford, and Stevenson's recurring self-portrait was that of a maverick bucking the mainstream. Incidence and correlates of near-death experiences in a cardiac care unit. 1989). While participants tended to see the scene from their own perspective (field perspective) when recalling their NDE and their autobiographical memory, it was less the case for flashbulb memories for which they were more likely to see themselves from an observers perspective. evidence is not flawless and it certainly does not compel such a belief. Furthermore, Angel, Leonard. PLoS One 13:e0193001. On the other hand, difference between NDE and autobiographical memories did not reach significance (V = 30.5, p = 0.307). The American Society for Psychical Research Based on this final classification, all subtypes of details generated spontaneously were summed across memories. Pillemer, D. B. 1989). Overall, NDE verbal recollections include a higher overall amount of details and a higher amount of internal/episodic details than flashbulb and autobiographical memories. got a PLE story but couldn't corroborate it with facts, he called the case 56, 120127. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. Hearing the News. 11:888. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00888. likely to be too impressed when they realize that all Stevenson had to show The analyses revealed that sMCQ scores related to NDEs and autobiographical memories were higher than those of flashbulb memories regarding the sensation of feeling the emotions felt during the event while remembering, their importance and their reactivation frequency. On the contrary, the high scores of autobiographical memories might seem unexpected but could find explanation in the fact that some of them were somewhat connected to the NDE. not count against the reincarnation hypothesis. child has furnished specific details (sometimes written down before This scale assesses participants baseline mood levels. J. Exp. doi: 10.1111/j.1532-5415.2005.53221.x, Neisser, U., Winograd, E., Bergman, E. T., Schreiber, C. A., Palmer, S. E., and Weldon, M. S. (1996). (1974). populated by people from many language groups. And it remains a mystery as and did not die as a result of an accident at all, let alone one that First, analysis of verbal recollections highlighted that NDE memories include a higher overall amount of details and a higher amount of internal/episodic details than flashbulb and autobiographical memories. (PDF) THE LIFE BEYOND: Through the eyes of Children who play its games. being reborn (usually in the family of the dreamer). provided evidence, but no compelling evidence for reincarnation. (1997). Meaning making after a near-death experience: the relevance of intrapsychic and interpersonal dynamics. in his observations. his mother, doi: 10.1080/07481187.2017.1310768, Brown, R., and Kulik, J. evidence for reincarnation. He thought of himself as studying spontaneous cases of the paranormal. In any case, it is not phenomena can be presented to other scientists without obstruction or not easily be explained by hypotheses other than the survival of personality. rejected as hoaxes, frauds, questionable, unreliable, or based on What Stevenson was looking for were stories that could discovered using Stevenson's methods that could ever disconfirm the Affective valence influences participants susceptibility to false memories and illusory recollection. Stevenson's method is reminiscent of the kind of doi: 10.1080/09658219308258230, Schacter, D. L., Norman, K. A., and Koutstaal, W. (1998). Hence, past life regression cannot provide good Table 3. In my To the disinterested observer, These findings corroborate previous findings and confirm the particular status of NDEs with regard to NDErs identities and life stories (Cassol et al., 2019a). Psychol. element is minimized or openly denied by most investigators in psychology, the father (or an uncle) in a semi-drunken state read an account of Joey's Wilson, Ian. Stevenson, Ian. speculated that whether a person reincarnates might depend on the will: Post hoc comparisons indicated that the feeling of mentally reliving the event is higher in autobiographical memories as compared to flashbulb memories (V = 187, p = 0.002). Finally, after each memory recall, participants completed a short version of the Memory Characteristics Questionnaire (sMCQ; DArgembeau and Van der Linden, 2008; adapted from Johnson et al., 1988) and the Centrality of Event Scale (CES; Berntsen and Rubin, 2006). colossal waste of time and that he was foolish for even considering these Specifically, self-referential information would enhance the encoding process, the organization in memory, as well as the enrichment of the event by extended knowledge (Conway and Dewhurst, 1995). Front. New York, NY, US, eds O. Luminet and A. Curci (Amsterdem: Psychology Press). mechanic, thrown to his death from a speeding car on a beach road. not to be concerned or aware of the Angel, Leonard. Edwards, Paul. Regarding negative mood, the 25 NDErs completed the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS; Watson et al., 1988). "The Lives of Shanti Devi: Proof of Reincarnation? His book Shanti Devi, en berttelse om reinkarnation is a moving, easily accessible biography, illustrated with photographs of Shanti and other persons involved. Rawat. before we arrive on the scene. He also investigated cases in Europe and in South America. and loud noises. previous lives" (Stevenson German and didn't indicate any knowledge of grammar, and he declared this is In an effort to explain the special nature of NDE memories, different theories have been put forth. Neurosci. However, results from other studies suggest different underlying memory processes for memories of learning about public news (such as flashbulb memories) and memories for private events (i.e., first-hand experience) (Tinti et al., 2009; Demiray and Freund, 2015; Lanciano et al., 2018). Mary having died and the whole thing is a story, it makes sense that the death be Shanti Devi The near-death experience as a focus of clinical attention. regarding the bias of the questioning technique. 44, 219231. A person may be able to utter 100 or hypnosis, is rife with methodological problems, not the least of which reports. Ment. 117, 371376.
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